Differentiation for gifted learners - 2 Differentiation for Gifted Learners A Note About Research As you read this book, you’ll likely notice that some of the studies and research we cite aren’t exactly new. In fact, some of them are relatively old. That’s because, unfortunately, very little new substantive research has been done about gifted learners and their needs.

 
Differentiation for gifted learners

3 Strategies for differentiation. Differentiating instruction for gifted learners can be done in various ways to meet their individual needs and preferences. Curriculum compacting allows pre ...The expert guide to the differentiation of curriculum and instruction for the gifted and talented! Drawing many comparisons and contrasts between gifted and general education best practices, the articles in this volume highlight the many benefits of flexible instruction and curriculum, discuss impediments to the successful adoption of …Feb 25, 2010 · Defining Giftedness. According to the National Association for Gifted Children (NAGC), a gifted student gives “evidence of high achievement capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, or leadership capacity, [with a need for] services and activities not ordinarily provided by the school in order to fully develop those capabilities (NAGC 2008).” 2 Differentiation for Gifted Learners A Note About Research As you read this book, you’ll likely notice that some of the studies and research we cite aren’t exactly new. In fact, some of them are relatively old. That’s because, unfortunately, very little new substantive research has been done about gifted learners and their needs.Apr 20, 2017 · One of these arguments being that many educators and gifted education advocates believe the needs of gifted students are not being met in the ‘regular’ classroom through differentiation. Dr ... Differentiating the Curriculum for Gifted Learners is a strategy guide designed to help teachers learn as to how gifted students’ should be serviced in our schools by implementing the research-supported strategies. Designed by teachers, this educational resource helps teachers stay up-to-date with ways that teachers can identify gifted ...The authors [35] focused on developing the reading abilities of Academically Gifted and Talented Learners (AGTL). Gifted students require advanced reading material, which suggests digital texts ...Differentiation focus strategy describes a situation wherein a company chooses to strategically differentiate itself from the competition within a narrow or niche market. Different...The expert guide to the differentiation of curriculum and instruction for the gifted and talented! Drawing many comparisons and contrasts between gifted and general education best practices, the articles in this volume highlight the many benefits of flexible instruction and curriculum, discuss impediments to the successful adoption of …Feb 1, 2024 · A compendium of excellent, well-tested methods. Emily L. Mofield has compiled a practical, realistic and highly readable set of 25 different approaches to that question in her Vertical Differentiation for Gifted, Advanced and High-Potential Students: 25 Strategies to Stretch Student Thinking. And almost any classroom teacher would find highly ... The Bui is a gifted-and-talented-certified teacher at Edison Elementary School in Ontario, Calif., which has a program for gifted and talented learners in grades 3-8.The educational needs for academically gifted and talented learners (AGTLs) are often not met in public schools as much of schools’ resources are directed towards meeting minimum performance standards. During reading instruction, AGTLs require differentiation with curriculum and instructional strategies that provide purpose and authentication of …The expert guide to the differentiation of curriculum and instruction for the gifted and talented! Drawing many comparisons and contrasts between gifted and general education best practices, the articles in this volume highlight the many benefits of flexible instruction and curriculum, discuss impediments to the successful adoption of …Revised and updated edition helps educators increase rigor and depth for all advanced and gifted learners to fulfill their potential. With increasing numbers of students receiving gifted services every year, it's more important than ever for differentiated instruction to go beyond adjusting content levels, task complexity, or product choice-it must truly challenge and support learners on all ... Laurie A. Sharp & Patricia Clemmer Tarleton State University. Abstract — The educational needs for academically gifted and talented learners (AGTLs) are often not met in public schools as much of schools’ resources are directed towards meeting minimum performance standards. During reading instruction, AGTLs require differentiation with ...Great information to use in assessment Great information to use in assessment differentiation for diverse learners support guide teachers must be prepared to. Skip to document. University; ... Helping Gifted Learners SOAR. Educational Leadership, 69 (5), 34–40. Smith, C. (2005). Teaching Gifted and Talented Pupils in the Primary School : A ...Differentiation for Gifted Learners: Going Beyond the Basics a discussion of underserved learners—particularly English language learners, students with …With increasing numbers of students receiving gifted services every year, it is more important than ever to make certain we are meeting their unique learning needs in the classroom. Differentiated instruction for these learners must go beyond adjusting content levels, task complexity, or product choice--it must truly challenge and support learners …Differentiated instruction (DI) is a teaching philosophy that calls on the teacher to utilize specialized content knowledge (i.e., how to teach), in addition to common content knowledge (i.e ...Differentiated instruction (DI) is a teaching philosophy that calls on the teacher to utilize specialized content knowledge (i.e., how to teach), in addition to common content knowledge (i.e ...Abstract. This article addresses the major obstacles that impede educators in differentiating for gifted learners in the regular classroom. Specific discussion of the lack of subject matter knowledge, the lack of classroom management skills, teachers' attitudes and beliefs about learning, lack of knowledge for modifying the curriculum, issues …Laurie A. Sharp & Patricia Clemmer Tarleton State University. Abstract — The educational needs for academically gifted and talented learners (AGTLs) are often not met in public schools as much of schools’ resources are directed towards meeting minimum performance standards. During reading instruction, AGTLs require differentiation with ... As Physical Education teachers, it is our responsibility to make sure our lessons are barrier-free and meet the diverse needs of our students – this is most commonly known as differentiation [ 1, 2 ]. It has best been described as ‘the matching of work to the differing capabilities of individuals or groups of pupils in order to extend their ... In today’s digital age, the ability to type efficiently and accurately has become a necessary skill for individuals of all ages. For English language learners, regular typing pract...Most gifted students today receive their education in the general education environment through differentiation (NAGC, 2020). With the push for standards-based education, many experts worry that gifted learners unintentionally fail to advance in their learning. Gifted students need to be taught in a...and choice in learning activities. Gifted students’ high energy levels and ability to extend the range of projects signify that independent studies may be an option for differentiating instruction for these students. Varied behaviors and preferences arise from giftedness. An awareness of the social and emotionalDifferentiated Instruction: 9 Differentiated Curriculum And Instruction Strategies For Teachers. To help teachers meet the needs of each student, they need to …I’m going to share a differentiated lesson plan from start to finish. In the article Begin with the Highest Level Learner in Mind I promised that I would share the process, and here it is. I decided to do a 5th grade lesson on landforms. To be more specific, I decided to create a summative activity for the end of a unit on landforms.Differentiation for gifted learners can be a simple as allowing them to think outside the box. 3- Discussion– a place for students to process their ideas and feelings before small group or whole group conversations. Practicing note taking while independently reading can support student comprehension.Gifted and Talented Learners gifted and talented learners desired learning course identify gifted and talented learners enumerate and describe the theories and. ... said to be particularly important for poorly motivated learners. Differentiation of Pace – (1) Allowing some students more time to complete core work (2) providing for extension ...Vertical Differentiation for Gifted, Advanced, and High-Potential Students 2004-03-06 Gifted students can exhibit extreme variance in both their abilities and their interests, yet they are often treated within schools as one homogeneous, specialized population. Personalized Learning in Gifted Education helps educators strengthen their By the end of the our time together, you will have: 1) considered student behaviors that might suggest a need for compacting and tiering. 2) clarified curriculum compacting and tiering as a strategy for differentiation. 3) recognized the difference between tiering and compacting. 4) shared some planning and management tools for …Differentiation for ELL Students: 6 Steps For Implementing Differentiation Strategies in Your Classroom. ELL (English Language Learner) students can struggle in class without a bit of extra support. Differentiation is one key strategy that can be utilized to help these students thrive in the classroom.Oct 21, 2020 · Revised and updated edition helps educators increase rigor and depth for all advanced and gifted learners to fulfill their potential. With increasing numbers of students receiving gifted services every year, it’s more important than ever for differentiated instruction to go beyond adjusting content levels, task complexity, or product choice—it must truly challenge and support learners on ... Apr 10, 2019 · Differentiating by Giving Choices. The best way to differentiate instruction is to give students a choice in how they show their learning. All students learn in their own way, and they need to be able to show their individual skills and interests. As long as they’re able to demonstrate a certain skill, assessment should be more about the ... The benefits of implementing the UDL framework are not limited to gifted students, and will improve the experience of all diverse learners in the class. The three principles of UDL are examined below (Meyer et al., 2014): 1. Provide Multiple Means of Engagement. It is essential to provide gifted learners with options and expectations to engage ...Educate students on the research skills they will need to perform an independent study in their area of interest. Encourage the use of imagination. Pose more difficult queries. Allow for the development of depth and breadth of knowledge in a particular area. Use of tiered assignments. Compacting the Curriculum- A well-known model in the gifted ... Utilize Pre-Assessments. When we talk about pre-assessments with our struggling learners, …A comparison of results by subject area showed that math classrooms were the most successful in implementing differentiation practices for the gifted. Overall, the …Effective differentiation for gifted learners is highly dependent on the quality of teaching that is provided in their classrooms. Studies of common characteristics of teachers of the gifted have revealed traits such as high intelligence, passion, humour and flexibility (Gentry, Steenbergen-Hu, & Choi, 2011).Jul 14, 2015 · July 14, 2015. Gifted students who are served in general education classrooms frequently finish their work sooner than other students. This can happen in one subject area, such as mathematics, or in all subject areas. Due to their rapidity of thought ( VanTassel-Baska & Brown, 2007 ), they typically finish assignments before other children. For the first time, this book connects the unique learning differences among gifted students to the specific teaching methods used to tailor their educational experiences. Differentiated instruction for gifted and talented students must go beyond adjusting content levels, task complexity, or product choice. The benefits of implementing the UDL framework are not limited to gifted students, and will improve the experience of all diverse learners in the class. The three principles of UDL are examined below (Meyer et al., 2014): 1. Provide Multiple Means of Engagement. It is essential to provide gifted learners with options and expectations to engage ...A DIY gift guide can help you find the perfect gift for the DIYer in your life. Visit HowStuffWorks to check out this amazing DIY gift guide. Advertisement A DIY gift guide can hel...Diversity of and Differentiation for Gifted English Learners: 10.4018/978-1-7998-8153-7.ch010: This chapter presents a need to understand the diversity of the English learner population. Within this large multi-lingual group of students, there is aLaurie A. Sharp & Patricia Clemmer Tarleton State University. Abstract — The educational needs for academically gifted and talented learners (AGTLs) are often not met in public schools as much of schools’ resources are directed towards meeting minimum performance standards. During reading instruction, AGTLs require differentiation with ...Differentiating by Giving Choices. The best way to differentiate instruction is to give students a choice in how they show their learning. All students learn in their own way, and they need to be able to show their individual skills and interests. As long as they’re able to demonstrate a certain skill, assessment should be more about the ...Sometimes, differentiating instruction is as simple as offering gifted students more advanced texts to work with. Choose books and passages that deal with the same themes and concepts other ... Even for gifted children who may have already indicated strong word knowledge or aptitude on achievement or intelligence measures, the process of acquiring new vocabulary remains extremely important. And yet, vocabulary instruction, even for verbally gifted students, is something that gets pushed to the wayside sometimes.Differentiating Instruction for Gifted Learners allows educators and stakeholders to examine issues related to differentiating curriculum and instruction in a variety of contexts. The case studies in this rich resource analyze various differentiation strategies and their benefits to promote classrooms where every student belongs, every …With increasing numbers of students receiving gifted services every year, it is more important than ever to make certain we are meeting their unique learning needs in the classroom. Differentiated instruction for these learners must go beyond adjusting content levels, task complexity, or product choice--it must truly challenge and support ... Embedding Differentiation for Gifted Learners into Classroom Practice Instructional Coaching Lesson Study Chapter Summary CHAPTER 11 Streamlining Your Lesson Planning References and Resources About the Authors. L i s t o f F i g u r e s Figure 1.1: Educational Characteristics and Behaviors of Gifted StudentsDifferentiation for ELL Students: 6 Steps For Implementing Differentiation Strategies in Your Classroom. ELL (English Language Learner) students can struggle in class without a bit of extra support. Differentiation is one key strategy that can be utilized to help these students thrive in the classroom.Differentiation for advanced learners requires something else: The teacher must be familiar with above-grade-level standards, in-depth content beyond the grade-level text, advanced and extended resources, and alternative instructional strategies. ... Gifted learners benefit from time spent with their intellectual peers as well as with gifted ...Assess gifted student learning as an ongoing register of progress on the use of differentiation behaviors by teachers. If gifted students are demonstrating successful advanced learning as seen in daily work, portfolios, and performance-based assessments, then this corroborating evidence suggests that teachers are differentiating effectively.needs. This differentiation may include adapting, modifying, or replacing the standards-based curriculum; pacing instruction based on learning rates of gifted students; and incorporating research, critical and creative thinking, and problem solving within instructional strategies (see the National Association for Gifted Children, 2019).When applied to gifted learners, differentiation requires school leaders and teachers to acknowledge that these learners have varied learning, social and emotional needs by providing qualitatively different learning …There are a wide variety of reasons for measuring differential pressure, as well as applications in HVAC, plumbing, research and technology industries. These measurements are used ...Are you attending a favorite things party and struggling to find the perfect gifts? Look no further. In this ultimate guide, we will provide you with tips and ideas to help you cho...With increasing numbers of students receiving gifted services every year, it’s more important than ever for differentiated instruction to go beyond adjusting content …Possible reasons include a lack of professional learning opportunities about gifted education during pre-and in-service education, as well as a lack of knowledge on how to identify students for ...Abstract This article addresses the following important questions regarding differentiation: What does it mean? What does it include? How is it implemented? Who …The expert guide to the differentiation of curriculum and instruction for the gifted and talented! Drawing many comparisons and contrasts between gifted and general education best practices, the articles in this volume highlight the many benefits of flexible instruction and curriculum, discuss impediments to the successful adoption of …Vertical Differentiation for Gifted, Advanced, and High-Potential Students 2004-03-06 Gifted students can exhibit extreme variance in both their abilities and their interests, yet they are often treated within schools as one homogeneous, specialized population. Personalized Learning in Gifted Education helps educators strengthen their TLDR. The perceptions of Saudi teachers about using technology to differentiate instruction with gifted and talented students were explored to indicate that technology is used to differentiate classroom instruction in different ways and for …Differentiation for Gifted Learners: Going Beyond the Basics 1st Edition is written by Diane Heacox; Richard M. Cash and published by Free Spirit Publishing. The Digital and eTextbook ISBNs for Differentiation for Gifted Learners are 9781631984341, 1631984349 and the print ISBNs are 9781631984327, 1631984322. Save up to 80% versus print by …When it comes to celebrating a special anniversary, it’s important to find the perfect gift. Whether you’re celebrating your first or fiftieth anniversary, there are plenty of crea...needs. This differentiation may include adapting, modifying, or replacing the standards-based curriculum; pacing instruction based on learning rates of gifted students; and incorporating research, critical and creative thinking, and problem solving within instructional strategies (see the National Association for Gifted Children, 2019).A planned approach to education for gifted learners should be comprehensive, taking into account their cognitive, social, cultural and emotional needs. According to MoE (2012): Designing a curriculum that is appropriately differentiated to address the diverse needs, strengths, and identities of gifted and talented students can seem a daunting task.TRUE! Differentiation maximizes learning for all students. Name at least four ways to differentiate content for advanced learners. 1. Engage students in abstract concepts. 2. Replace already mastered content with more in-depth, advanced, and complex learning. 3. Introduce students to more advanced research skills early in the year.20 Jan 2017 ... Meeting the needs of the gifted and talented children in your classroom typically requires some space set aside for the student(s) to work ...needs. This differentiation may include adapting, modifying, or replacing the standards-based curriculum; pacing instruction based on learning rates of gifted students; and incorporating research, critical and creative thinking, and problem solving within instructional strategies (see the National Association for Gifted Children, 2019).Differentiation for gifted learners is a powerful tool to make this happen. It’s not always easy, but the impact on a child’s learning and overall development is immeasurable. Remember, differentiation is a journey, not a destination. It’s about continuously striving to meet your child’s unique needs. And in that journey, you’re not ...Steps for Differentiating to Challenge All Learners. Start with the end in mind. Identify the core skills and concepts that make up the learning outcomes. Then collect information on your students’ preparedness, from prerequisites and …Making Differentiation a Habit earned the 2010 Association of Education Publishers Distinguished Achievement Award and was updated in 2017. Her book coauthored with Richard Cash, Differentiation for Gifted Learners: Going Beyond the Basics, received the 2014 Legacy Book Award for Educators by the Texas Association for Gifted and …es-for-Challenging-Gifted-Learners.aspx. Davidson Institute. Differentiating Curriculum for Gifted Students https://www.davidsongifted.or g /search-database ...Sep 3, 2021 · PDF | On Sep 3, 2021, Christine L. Weber and others published Differentiating Instruction for Gifted Learners: A Case Studies Approach | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Ok, so it seems a little funny to be sitting here writing about how teachers and parents can differentiate the learning environment for gifted children because, in all reality, most of the things I'll be writing about are truly practices and ideas that all students would benefit from encountering. If you have a gifted child in your classroom, I would consider the following …Even for gifted children who may have already indicated strong word knowledge or aptitude on achievement or intelligence measures, the process of acquiring new vocabulary remains extremely important. And yet, vocabulary instruction, even for verbally gifted students, is something that gets pushed to the wayside sometimes.

Differentiation that really works: Strategies from real teachers for real classrooms, grades K—2. Waco, TX: Prufrock Press. Colangelo, N. , & Davis, G. A. …. Lyrics tears from heaven

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Abstract. Most gifted students today receive their education in the general education environment through differentiation (NAGC, 2020). With the push for standards-based education, many experts ...Differentiating curriculum for gifted students. Gifted Education and Support. This article by Sandra L. Berger discusses how gifted students “need an …ABSTRACT This article focuses on research findings from multiple evaluation studies on the teacher use of differentiated practices for gifted learners that have implications for best practice in gifted education internationally. Research questions centered on what specific differentiation practices were employed with gifted learners and distinctions found between levels of teaching and content ... Differentiating through Technology for Gifted Students: 10.4018/978-1-4666-6489-0.ch013: Challenging gifted students in regular classroom settings can be effectively accomplished through the use of innovative technology. ... Further, in review, the case specifically addresses attributes of the gifted learner along with the skill of the ...Provision of differentiated instruction in parallel with a student grouping strategy that allows gifted students with like thinking peers flexible movement in and out of grouping patterns (instructional grouping) has been associated with increased achievement for gifted students (Gentry & Owen, 1999; Kulik, 1992; Kulik & Kulik, 1997; Tieso, 2005). The answer lies in two key practices: compacting curriculum and differentiating instruction. Used together, these practices tailor learning for gifted students in the areas of content, process, product, environment, and assessment. Compacting and differentiation require the teacher to continually be a learner of their students through formal ... Differentiated instruction (DI) is a teaching philosophy that calls on the teacher to utilize specialized content knowledge (i.e., how to teach), in addition to common content knowledge (i.e ...With increasing numbers of students receiving gifted services every year, it’s more important than ever for differentiated instruction to go beyond adjusting content …Differentiating curriculum for gifted students. Gifted Education and Support. This article by Sandra L. Berger discusses how gifted students “need an …and resulted in an increase in student initiative. None of the gifted learners reported that laptop use hindered their learning, whereas 97% reported a positive learning experience. Technology to meet socio-emotional needs. Helping students become fully aware of social and emotional needs is crucial to their overall development.Differentiating Instruction for Gifted Learners allows educators and stakeholders to examine issues related to differentiating curriculum and instruction in a …Differentiation for Gifted Learners: Going Beyond the Basics (Free Spirit Professional®) Paperback – October 22, 2019. Revised and updated edition helps …Ok, so it seems a little funny to be sitting here writing about how teachers and parents can differentiate the learning environment for gifted children because, in all reality, most of the things I'll be writing about are truly practices and ideas that all students would benefit from encountering. If you have a gifted child in your classroom, I would consider the following …The best ways for mainstream teachers to differentiate instruction for English-learners is BEFORE the independent work is required. Differentiating for ELLs means accommodating three categories of ...The purpose of this research was to measure the ways elementary school teachers are differentiating instruction for their gifted and talented students and ...Differentiating by Giving Choices. The best way to differentiate instruction is to give students a choice in how they show their learning. All students learn in their own way, and they need to be able to show their individual skills and interests. As long as they’re able to demonstrate a certain skill, assessment should be more about the ...First Edition. Focusing on the link between gifted education and general education, the articles in this volume reveal the benefits of differentiating curriculum and instruction, discuss impediments to the successful adoption of differentiation in classrooms and school districts, and show how educators can collaboratively overcome these obstacles.Differentiated instruction, also called differentiation, is a process through which teachers enhance learning by matching student characteristics to instruction and assessment. Writing instruction can be differentiated to allow students varying amounts of time to complete assignments, to give students different writing product options, and to …Possible reasons include a lack of professional learning opportunities about gifted education during pre-and in-service education, as well as a lack of knowledge on how to identify students for ...Provision of differentiated instruction in parallel with a student grouping strategy that allows gifted students with like thinking peers flexible movement in and out of grouping patterns (instructional grouping) has been associated with increased achievement for gifted students (Gentry & Owen, 1999; Kulik, 1992; Kulik & Kulik, 1997; Tieso, 2005). .

Differentiation for Gifted Learners: Going Beyond the Basics (Free Spirit Professional®) Paperback – October 22, 2019. Revised and updated edition helps …

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    Handel messiah | Signs that Differentiation is occurring in the classroom: Consistent use of pre-testing. Decrease in the frequency of large group activities and increase in the frequency of activities utilizing small flexible groups. Evidence of advanced content and acceleration opportunities. Collaborative effort among teachers, students, and parents. Shop Differentiating the Curriculum for Gifted Learners - (Effective Teaching in Today's Classroom) 2nd Edition by Wendy Conklin (Paperback) at Target....

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    How do i shut down an app | Edutopia is a free source of information, inspiration, and practical strategies for learning and teaching in preK-12 education. We are published by the George Lucas Educational Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization. © Differentiation strategies for gifted students; Strategies for gifted students in the regular classroom; Tips for teaching gifted students; ... In turn, you can devise a tailored approach to their learning that allows you to capitalize on their strengths and help support areas in which they are weaker. This process might take a few weeks and ...Learn strategies for identifying gifted students, modifying content, and differentiating instruction with this valuable resource no gifted classroom should be without! Perfect for new teachers and educators who want to stay current, Differentiating the Curriculum for Gifted Learners provides answers to questions relating to best …...

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    Princess bubblegum and marceline | Oct 21, 2020 · Revised and updated edition helps educators increase rigor and depth for all advanced and gifted learners to fulfill their potential. With increasing numbers of students receiving gifted services every year, it’s more important than ever for differentiated instruction to go beyond adjusting content levels, task complexity, or product choice—it must truly challenge and support learners on ... Differentiated instruction can be seen as a part of the broader construct differentiation, which not only includes DI during a lesson but also student assessment, evaluation, philosophical aspects, and more …such work is sufficiently challenging for gifted learners and whether or not the contextual settings in which the work is carried out will promote sufficient growth for them. Differentiation of project work may be judged based on the medium in which the project is done and the variables and skills addressed by the demands of the work. Providing...

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    Baba black sheep lyrics | 13 Dec 2016 ... Differentiating the products that students produce means that they have access to completing DIFFERENT activities or projects following their ...Differentiated instruction, also called differentiation, is a process through which teachers enhance learning by matching student characteristics to instruction and assessment. Writing instruction can be differentiated to allow students varying amounts of time to complete assignments, to give students different writing product options, and to …The best ways for mainstream teachers to differentiate instruction for English-learners is BEFORE the independent work is required. Differentiating for ELLs means accommodating three categories of ......

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    Sir duke lyrics | With increasing numbers of students receiving gifted services every year, it is more important than ever to make certain we are meeting their unique learning needs in the classroom. Differentiated instruction for these learners must go beyond adjusting content levels, task complexity, or product choice--it must truly challenge and support learners …Gift certificates are a popular choice when it comes to gifting. They provide the recipient with the freedom to choose their own gift, ensuring that they get something they truly w...This article focuses on research findings from multiple evaluation studies on the teacher use of differentiated practices for gifted learners that have implications for best practice in gifted education internationally. Research questions centered on what specific differentiation practices were employed with gifted learners and distinctions found …...

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    Flightsapp | The issue of differentiating for the gifted learner is further exacerbated by confronting stu-dents who are twice (or thrice) exceptional, mi-nority, or of low socioeconomic (SES) status. First, the twice-exceptional learner is both gifted and suffers from specific learning problems, re-quiring further modification in their curriculumPassow (1982) states that differentiation is essential for gifted students to develop their unique gifts and talents. “Teachers responsible for these students must have an appropriate base of knowledge and skills to meet these needs, and should enjoy working with these students” (Coleman &amp Gallagher, 1995, p. 32). ...