Lights, camera, action. Cinema movies have captured the hearts and minds of audiences for over a century. But have you ever wondered how these captivating films come to life? From ...Cardiac Action Potential, Animation.Geothermal energy is a renewable and sustainable source of power that harnesses the heat from beneath the Earth’s surface. It has gained significant attention in recent years due t...Cardiac myocytes receive signal from pacemaker cells causing them to contract. Now let’s focus on a single myocyte cell going through a single action potential. The action potential of a myocyte is broken into five phases. Often they’re shown on a graph of membrane potential vs. time. We’re going to start with Phase 4, because why not.Figure 19.21 Action Potential in Cardiac Contractile Cells (a) Note the long plateau phase due to the influx of calcium ions. The extended refractory period allows the cell to fully contract before another electrical event can occur. (b) The action potential for heart muscle is compared to that of skeletal muscle.Hearts is a classic card game that has been enjoyed by players of all ages for decades. It is a game of strategy, skill, and luck that requires players to carefully consider each m...Facebook. Cardiac action potentials differ from the APs found in other areas of the body. Typical neural AP duration is around 1ms and those of skeletal muscle are roughly 2-5ms, whereas cardiac action potentials range from 200-400ms. Nervous and muscle cells (as well as non-pacemaker cardiac cells) use the opening of Na channels to facilitate ... See how muscle cells in the heart contract by allowing Calcium to flow inside and bringing along some positive charge with it! Rishi is a pediatric infectiou... How cardiac action potentials relate to body surface EKG. Purchase PDF (script of this video + images) here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/p... Figure 19.2.5 – Action Potential in Cardiac Contractile Cells: (a) Note the long plateau phase due to the influx of calcium ions. The extended refractory period allows the cell to fully contract before another electrical event can occur. (b) The action potential for heart muscle is compared to that of skeletal muscle.Nov 1, 2017 · Clinical relevance of ventricular repolarization. In mammalian ventricle the action potential waveform and in particular the ‘timing and strength’ of its repolarization phase in are essential physiological variables that can strongly modulate cardiac contractility and often guide clinical arrhythmia assessments and management (see Anderson et al. An overview of the fast and slow response cardiac action potentials, including the ions and currents responsible for each phase. Also included is a discussio...Cardiac Myocyte Action Potential. This diagram is a diagram of a cardiac myocyte – a ventricular muscle cell as apposed to a cardiac pacemaker cell. The resting membrane potential (RMP) is -90mv. A membrane potential is the difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of the cell membrane. It is created by …Results: We found that endogenous miR1 could physically bind with cardiac membrane proteins, including an inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1. The miR1-Kir2.1 physical interaction was observed in mouse, guinea pig, canine, and human cardiomyocytes. miR1 quickly and significantly suppressed I K1 at sub-pmol/L …Cardiomyocytes: Regulation of cellular Ca 2+ handling and cardiac contraction: Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes is dependent on calcium-induced calcium release, whereby an action potential initiates an increase in cellular calcium through opening of the LTCC on the cellular membrane.Background: Although pharmacological block of the slow, delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) by chromanol 293B, L-735,821, or HMR-1556 produces little effect on action potential duration (APD) in isolated rabbit and dog ventricular myocytes, the effect of IKs block on normal human ventricular muscle APD is not known. Therefore, …The cardiac action potential is a transmembrane potential change, with an amplitude ranging between 60 and 120 mV. It starts from a negative value, i.e., the resting membrane potential (RMP) in working myocardial cells or maximal diastolic potential in spontaneously beating cells ( 1 ), ranging from −95 to −40 mV. A mathematical model of the cardiac ventricular action potential is presented. In our previous work, the membrane Na+ current and K+ currents were formulated. The present article focuses on processes that regulate intracellular Ca2+ and depend on …May 11, 2020 ... Join Our Telegram Channel Here:- https://t.me/bhanuprakashdr Follow on Instagram:- ...Apr 14, 2009 ... It is essential that the cardiac action potential duration (APD) is regulated precisely. The APD determines the refractory period of the heart ...Nov 1, 2017 · Clinical relevance of ventricular repolarization. In mammalian ventricle the action potential waveform and in particular the ‘timing and strength’ of its repolarization phase in are essential physiological variables that can strongly modulate cardiac contractility and often guide clinical arrhythmia assessments and management (see Anderson et al. Cardiac Action Potential. Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (aw-bc) Page 1. Introduction - The coordinated contractions of the heart result from electrical changes that take place in cardiac cells.15. CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL 2 types : Myocyte & Pacemaker potential Typical 5 Phases myocyte potential • Upstroke or rapid depolarizationPhase 0 • Early rapid repolarizationPhase 1 • PlateauPhase 2 • Final rapid repolarizationPhase 3 • Resting membrane potential and diastolic depolarizationPhase 4. 16.The action potential in a cardiac cell is easy to describe and draw, but when one is expected to time the cardiac cycle with these changes, one comes up against the obstacle of logic. Clearly, not all the cells of the myocardium are simultaneously doing the same ionic things.Complications during a chemical stress test are rare, states Mount Sinai Hospital. Potential problems include chest pain, irregular heartbeat, heart attack and shortness of breath.The cardiac Mg2+-sensitive, TRPM6, and TRPM7-like channels remain undefined, especially with the uncertainty regarding TRPM6 expression in cardiomyocytes. Additionally, their contribution to the cardiac action potential (AP) profile is unclear. Immunofluorescence assays showed the expression of the TRPM6 and TRPM7 proteins …The cardiac action potential is a brief change in voltage (membrane potential) across the cell membrane of heart cells. This is caused by the movement of charged atoms (called ions ) between the inside and outside of the cell, through proteins called ion channels . Jul 30, 2023 · The action potential (AP) in the heart is unique to other action potentials in the body. The action potential has five distinct phases numbered 0-4. The resting potential, or baseline of the AP, is roughly -90 mV and is considered phase 4. Depolarization is the voltage change from the resting potential of -90 mV toward a positive value. So, automatic, and all that means is that you don't actually need a neighboring cell to tell this guy that he needs to fire an action potential. Pacemaker cells ...Nov 1, 2017 · Clinical relevance of ventricular repolarization. In mammalian ventricle the action potential waveform and in particular the ‘timing and strength’ of its repolarization phase in are essential physiological variables that can strongly modulate cardiac contractility and often guide clinical arrhythmia assessments and management (see Anderson et al. Various types of Cl- currents have been recorded in cardiac myocytes from different regions of the heart and in different species. ... Role of cardiac chloride currents in changes in action potential characteristics and arrhythmias Cardiovasc Res. 1998 Oct;40(1):23-33. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00173-4.1. Introduction. The rapidly activating and inactivating “transient” outward current has been capturing the interest of cardiac electrophysiologists since it was first described as an early outward current in sheep Purkinje fibers [1,2], in which the activity of this current is evident in the prominent early phase of action potential repolarization.autonomic tone. The propagating cardiac action potential fulfils these roles. Figure 1 illustrates the 5 phases of the normal action potential: 1. Phase 4, or the resting potential, is stable at 90 mV in normal working myocardial cells. 2. Phase 0 is the phase of rapid depolarization. The membrane potential shifts into positive voltage range.2. Cardiac action potential and its ionic contributions. The cardiac action potential results from the sequential opening and closing of ion channel proteins that span the plasma membrane of individual myocytes. Its conduction through the heart depends on electrical coupling between these cells, which is mediated by gap junctions .Nov 15, 2020 ... CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL. Maisa Almughribi and 215 others. 216. 1. 189. Joe Uzoigwe. Very interesting and the basics toAction potential prolongation is a common finding in human heart failure and in animal models of cardiac hypertrophy. The mechanism of action potential prolongation involves altered expression of a variety of depolarising and hyperpolarising currents in the myocardium. In particular, decreased densi …The cardiac action potential has five phases. The standard model used to understand the cardiac action potential is the action potential of the ventricular myocyte. The action potential has 5 phases (numbered 0-4). Phase 4 is the resting membrane potential, and describes the membrane potential when the cell is not being stimulated. ...Jul 21, 2023 ... The myocardial action potential refers to the all or nothing depolarization followed by repolarization of the cell membrane, which results ...Normally, cardiac myocytes sit with a resting membrane potential of somewhere between -85mV and -95mV. When the cells become excited sodium channels open. There is a massive influx of sodium (remembering it’s a cation) into the cells and a resulting large positive shift in the resting membrane potential. This creates a large positive ...The Action Potential. Resting membrane potential describes the steady state of the cell, which is a dynamic process that is balanced by ion leakage and ion pumping. Without any outside influence, it will not change. To get an electrical signal started, the membrane potential has to change.Cardiac Action Potential, Animation.Sep 8, 2021 · Cardiac action potentials . There are two types of action potential (AP) in the heart. Slow/brief action potential that is created in the SA and AV nodes, and fast/long action potential that occurs in the atrial and ventricular myocytes and the specialized conducting fibers (Fig. 1 B) . A fast action potential has several phases. This schema shows a single cardiac action potential cycle as described in the text.Keywords: drug testing, patch clamp, human, cardiac myocytes, left atrial appendage, action potential, dynamic clamp, inward rectifier potassium current Citation: Verkerk AO, Marchal GA, Zegers JG, Kawasaki M, Driessen AHG, Remme CA, de Groot JR and Wilders R (2021) Patch-Clamp Recordings of Action Potentials From Human …The cardiac action potential is very different to that seen in nerves. It has a prolonged plateau phase lasting around 300 ms compared with 1 ms in nerves. The cardiac action potential has five phases as shown in Fig. 2. During phase 0, membrane permeability to potassium decreases and fast sodium channels open, producing rapid depolarization ...Our findings indicate changes in action potential plateau and late repolarization predominantly underlie simulated exercise responses in the rat heart. This work provides novel action potential reference data and will help model cardiac responses to physiological stimuli in the rat heart via computational techniques.As a result, the generation of an action potential is as vital in initiating a contraction in the cardiac muscles as it is in the skeletal muscles. Skeletal ...Introduction Image source : Google Cardiac action potential is a brief changes in voltage (membrane potential ) across the cell membrane of the heart cells . This is caused by movement of charged ions between the inside and outside of the cell through protein called ion channels. Action potential in heart initiated by group of …The AP morphology varies with species, heart rate, location within the heart, developmental stage, and in response to neurohormones and drugs. Unlike the brief APs of skeletal muscle and neurons, which typically last ≈3-5 ms, the cardiac action potential is 100’s of milliseconds long and has five distinct phases (Figure 1). Cardiac Action Potential . Explain the ionic basis of spontaneous electrical activity of cardiac muscle cells. Describe the normal and abnormal processes of cardiac excitation and electrical activity . An action potential is a propagating change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, ...The cardiac action potential is a transmembrane potential change, with an amplitude ranging between 60 and 120 mV. It starts from a negative value, i.e., the resting membrane potential (RMP) in working myocardial cells or maximal diastolic potential in spontaneously beating cells ( 1 ), ranging from −95 to −40 mV. In the cardiac myocyte, the membrane potential is dominated by the K+ equilibrium potential. An action potential is initiated when this resting potential becomes shifted towards a more positive value of …Drugs affecting the cardiac action potential. The sharp rise in voltage ("0") corresponds to the influx of sodium ions, whereas the two decays ("1" and "3", respectively) correspond to the sodium-channel inactivation and the repolarizing efflux of potassium ions. The characteristic plateau ("2") results from the opening of voltage-sensitive calcium channels.Characteristically, a pacemaker action potential has only three phases, designated phases zero, three, and four. Phase zero is the …Pan M, Gawthrop P, Tran K, Cursons J and Crampin E (2018) Bond graph modelling of the cardiac action potential: implications for drift and non-unique steady states, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 10.1098/rspa.2018.0106, 474:2214, (20180106), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2018. SA nodal action potentials are divided into three phases. Phase 4 is the spontaneous depolarization (pacemaker potential) that triggers the action potential once the membrane potential reaches a threshold between -40 and -30 mV). Phase 0 is the depolarization phase of the action potential. This is followed by phase 3 repolarization.Facebook. Cardiac action potentials differ from the APs found in other areas of the body. Typical neural AP duration is around 1ms and those of skeletal muscle are roughly 2-5ms, whereas cardiac action potentials range from 200-400ms. Nervous and muscle cells (as well as non-pacemaker cardiac cells) use the opening of Na channels to facilitate ... Sign up here and try our FREE content: http://lectur.io/freecontentyt If you’re an medical educator or faculty member, visit: http://lectur.io/medytb2u T... THE CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL. In this video we compare the action potentials from ventricular and sinoatrial node cells in the heart.The cardiac action potential is a measurement of the membrane potential waveform of the cardiac myocytes signifying the electrical activity of the cell during the contraction …Oct 19, 2018 · The cardiac cell action potential, like action potentials in nerves, is divided into five phases, numbered 0 through 4. Two of these, phase 2 (the plateau phase) and phase 4 (the diastolic interval) are marked by little to no change in voltage. Sodium, potassium and calcium are the primary ions. The cardiac action potential is a transient voltage change (membrane potential) across the membranes of the heart. This is brought on by the flow of charged ions (or atoms) through ion channel proteins from inside to outside cells. Action potentials in other electrically active cells, like nerves, differ from those in the heart. How cardiac action potentials relate to body surface EKG. Purchase PDF (script of this video + images) here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/p...Description of the hand mnemonic. When the heart beats at the normal rate of 75 beats/min, the duration of each cardiac cycle is ~0.8 s ( Fig. 2 ). The total duration of the cardiac cycle includes systole and diastole. The atrium contract ahead of ventricular contraction, and the duration of atrial systole is 0.1 s.autonomic tone. The propagating cardiac action potential fulfils these roles. Figure 1 illustrates the 5 phases of the normal action potential: 1. Phase 4, or the resting potential, is stable at 90 mV in normal working myocardial cells. 2. Phase 0 is the phase of rapid depolarization. The membrane potential shifts into positive voltage range. Jan 19, 2019 · Phases of Cardiac Action Potential Phase 0. It is caused by a sudden increase in sodium inflow. this results in depolarization of the membrane. At the peak of action potential, the membrane potential approaches the sodium equilibrium potential. Phase 1. Phase 1 begins with initial repolarization. Dec 18, 2023 ... The final membrane potential at the end of Phase 3 is something like -60-65 mV, slightly less negative than the resting membrane potential of ...This topic will review the normal cardiac excitation process and the generation of the myocardial action potential, along with mechanisms of arrhythmia and the classes of antiarrhythmic medications and their impact on cardiac excitability. The treatment of specific tachyarrhythmias is discussed elsewhere. (See "Overview of the acute …Cardiac action potentials in the heart differ considerably from action potentials found in neural and skeletal muscle cells. One major difference is in the ...The kitchen is the heart of any home. It’s where friends and family gather to share meals, stories, and memories. To make sure your kitchen is a place of warmth and beauty, you nee...The propagating action potential leaves in its wake an area of membrane that is still refractory, and this prevents the action potential from propagating in both directions along the axon. ... For example, pacemaking in the heart depends on the duration of the cardiac action potential, and mutations that alter inactivation of Na + channels can ...Jan 24, 2017 · (USMLE topics, cardiology) Cardiac action potential in pacemaker cells and contractile myocytes, electrophysiology of a heartbeat. Purchase PDF (script of th... If you are a fan of action-packed adventures and comedy, then you must have heard of “Henry Danger,” the hit TV show that captured the hearts of millions. With its unique blend of ...Cardiac Action Potential. Cardiac cells, like many other cells, are characterized by an electrical potential across the cell membrane. This action potential varies in a cyclical fashion in response to change in various electrolytes across the cell membrane. This variation in electrical potential occurs in stages (called phases) within …This is known as the cardiac action potential, which activates the electrical impulses. The conducting system of the heart is composed of the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, the right and left bundle branches and the Purkinje fibres (Tortora and Derrickson, 2017) . Figure 4.Cardiac Action Potential, Animation.Characteristically, a pacemaker action potential has only three phases, designated phases zero, three, and four. Phase zero is the …An overview of the fast and slow response cardiac action potentials, including the ions and currents responsible for each phase. Also included is a discussio...action potential, the brief (about one-thousandth of a second) reversal of electric polarization of the membrane of a nerve cell ( neuron) or muscle cell. In the neuron an action potential produces the …
Jan 11, 2022 · An abnormal cardiac action potential underlies different types of cardiac arrhythmias. Here the authors show that microRNA-365 regulates the cardiac action potential by modulating key cardiac ... . Descargar tiktoks
The cardiac action potential is a transient reversible electromagnetochemical wavefront responsible for the generation of the cardiac impulse. From: Fetal and Neonatal …Aug 23, 2021 · Explain the ionic basis of spontaneous electrical activity of cardiac muscle cells. Describe the normal and abnormal processes of cardiac excitation and electrical activity . An action potential is a propagating change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, used in cellular communication and to initiate intracellular processes. Let me write it right here. It's actually a little bit slower than what happens with the heart muscle. This one is actually faster. I'm talking specifically about phase 0. So because it's slower, and that phase 0 is called the action potential, this is a slower action potential, and the other one is considered a faster action potential.Cardiac Pacemaker Cells. In the heart, electrical impulses are generated by specialised pacemaker cells and spread across the myocardium in order to produce a co-ordinated contraction in systole. An action potential generated is generated by a change in the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell.SA nodal action potentials are divided into three phases. Phase 4 is the spontaneous depolarization (pacemaker potential) that triggers the action potential once the membrane potential reaches a threshold between -40 and -30 mV). Phase 0 is the depolarization phase of the action potential. This is followed by phase 3 repolarization. Phases of the cardiac action potential can also be correlated with the ECG. Phase 0 and 1 are the QRS complex. Similarly, the ST segment is representative of Phase 2, while the T wave is representative of Phase 3. Role of Action Potential. An action potential can be generated in different types of cells in the body, facilitating their unique ...The action potential (AP) of cardiomyocytes is generated by highly coordinated ion movements through sarcolemmal voltage-gated ion channels. 18 Genetic mutation and toxic modulator are 2 major epidemiologic factors of arrhythmia and cause dysregulations of ion channels, including gene transcription and translation, trafficking, …In the cardiac myocyte, the membrane potential is dominated by the K+ equilibrium potential. An action potential is initiated when this resting potential becomes shifted towards a more positive value of …#drnajeeb #medicines #medicaleducation #drnajeeblectures #cardiology Cardiac Action Potential | Electrophysiology | Cardiomyocytes | Cardiology🫀Like this vi... The phase of cardiac muscle cell action potential characterized by calcium entering the cell and potassium leaving the cell. A. Phase 1 B. Phase 2 C. Phase 3 ... Answer: C. Class Ia prolongs duration of action potential and Ib shortens the duration of action potential. 6. Answer: C.Cardiac Pacemaker Cells. In the heart, electrical impulses are generated by specialised pacemaker cells and spread across the myocardium in order to produce a co-ordinated contraction in systole. An action potential generated is generated by a change in the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell.The cardiac action potential forms the electrophysiological basis of the cardiac cycle. It is created by the dynamic interplay of the cardiac ion channels, and it is …The cardiac action potential is a transient voltage change (membrane potential) across the membranes of the heart. This is brought on by the flow of charged ions (or atoms) through ion channel proteins from inside to outside cells. Action potentials in other electrically active cells, like nerves, differ from those in the heart. Clinical relevance of ventricular repolarization. In mammalian ventricle the action potential waveform and in particular the ‘timing and strength’ of its repolarization phase in are essential physiological variables that can strongly modulate cardiac contractility and often guide clinical arrhythmia assessments and management (see …Question 6. What is the role of Schwann cells in neurotransmission? a) Thermal insulation of neuronal axons. b) Limit the speed of the action potential. c) Enhance the speed of the action potential. d) Protect the neuronal soma from trauma.An action potential is defined as a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential. Only neurons and muscle cells are capable of generating an action potential; that property is called the excitability. This article will discuss the definition, steps and phases of the action potential.The propagating action potential leaves in its wake an area of membrane that is still refractory, and this prevents the action potential from propagating in both directions along the axon. ... For example, pacemaking in the heart depends on the duration of the cardiac action potential, and mutations that alter inactivation of Na + channels can ...A full cardiac work up consists of a battery of medical tests used to help physicians diagnose patients who are suspected of having potential heart complications. According to Card...Sep 8, 2021 · Cardiac action potentials . There are two types of action potential (AP) in the heart. Slow/brief action potential that is created in the SA and AV nodes, and fast/long action potential that occurs in the atrial and ventricular myocytes and the specialized conducting fibers (Fig. 1 B) . A fast action potential has several phases. .
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Tender loving care daycare | Simulation of the membrane action potential of the mammalian ventricular cell shows the importance of the slow recovery of INa in determining the response of the cell and relates these phenomena to the underlying ionic channel kinetics. A mathematical model of the membrane action potential of the mammalian ventricular cell is introduced. The …#drnajeeb #medicines #medicaleducation #drnajeeblectures #cardiology Cardiac Action Potential | Electrophysiology | Cardiomyocytes | Cardiology🫀Like this vi... The cardiac action potential has five phases. The standard model used to understand the cardiac action potential is the action potential of the ventricular myocyte. The action potential has 5 phases (numbered 0-4). Phase 4 is the resting membrane potential, and describes the membrane potential when the cell is not being stimulated. ......
Blend jet | Feb 18, 2020 ... 1st part: The conduction velocity, or how fast the action potential spreads through the myocardium to other cells, is determined by the ...Let me write it right here. It's actually a little bit slower than what happens with the heart muscle. This one is actually faster. I'm talking specifically about phase 0. So because it's slower, and that phase 0 is called the action potential, this is a slower action potential, and the other one is considered a faster action potential.Jul 25, 2019 ... Yeah, that is true. Cardiac muscle cell action potentials are 200-300 msec, whereas neuron action potentials are super fast, like 2-3 msec. The ......
Ria locations near me | Tom Clark gnomes are highly sought-after collectibles that have captured the hearts of many collectors around the world. If you are looking to sell your collection of these whimsic...Cardiac myocytes receive signal from pacemaker cells causing them to contract. Now let’s focus on a single myocyte cell going through a single action potential. The action potential of a myocyte is broken into five phases. Often they’re shown on a graph of membrane potential vs. time. We’re going to start with Phase 4, because why not....
Origami flwoer | See how muscle cells in the heart contract by allowing Calcium to flow inside and bringing along some positive charge with it! Rishi is a pediatric infectiou... The cardiac action potential is a transmembrane potential change, with an amplitude ranging between 60 and 120 mV. It starts from a negative value, i.e., the resting membrane potential (RMP) in working myocardial cells or maximal diastolic potential in spontaneously beating cells ( 1 ), ranging from −95 to −40 mV....
Nature is metal | Mobile Legends is a popular online multiplayer game that has taken the mobile gaming world by storm. With its fast-paced action, strategic gameplay, and vibrant graphics, it has ca...Abnormal action potential (AP) properties, as occurs in long or short QT syndromes (LQTS and SQTS, respectively), can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. Optogenetics strategies, utilizing light-sensitive proteins, have emerged as experimental platforms for cardiac pacing, resynchronization, and defibrillation.Results: We found that endogenous miR1 could physically bind with cardiac membrane proteins, including an inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1. The miR1-Kir2.1 physical interaction was observed in mouse, guinea pig, canine, and human cardiomyocytes. miR1 quickly and significantly suppressed I K1 at sub-pmol/L …...
Schwan food delivery | The Cardiac Action Potential. Peter Valentin. We now/already got to know the AP as " a rapid change in the electrical potential that occurs between the cytosolic and extracellular space of the cell when it is stimulated by a sufficiently strong stimulus " (Prof.Krustev Lecture 2015). We think it's not necessary to mention all these elementary ...The healthy contraction of the cardiac muscle is initiated by an action potential (AP) generated in the sinoatrial node (SA-node). From the SA-node, the AP propagates as an electrochemical wave ...15. CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL 2 types : Myocyte & Pacemaker potential Typical 5 Phases myocyte potential • Upstroke or rapid depolarizationPhase 0 • Early rapid repolarizationPhase 1 • PlateauPhase 2 • Final rapid repolarizationPhase 3 • Resting membrane potential and diastolic depolarizationPhase 4. 16....